Kamuoyuna ve Bas\u0131na<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.esithaklar.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/cezasizlikla_mucadele.png\")
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nA\u015fa\u011f\u0131da imzas\u0131 olan sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan Cezas\u0131zl\u0131kla M\u00fccadelede G\u00fc\u00e7birli\u011fi A\u011f\u0131, 30 May\u0131s 2019 tarihinde a\u00e7\u0131klanan \u201cYarg\u0131 Reformu Strateji Belgesi\u201d hakk\u0131ndaki tutumunu kamuoyu ve bas\u0131nla payla\u015fma gere\u011fi duymu\u015ftur.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 30 May\u0131s 2019 tarihinde a\u00e7\u0131klanan \u201cYarg\u0131 Reformu Strateji Belgesi\u201d; yarg\u0131 sisteminin sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir perspektifle ele almadan, sorunlar\u0131n birbirini do\u011furan, besleyen ve yeniden \u00fcreten do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden gelerek haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda ne T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de insan haklar\u0131 alan\u0131ndaki genel problemlere ne de \u00f6zel olarak reformun sebebi oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131klanan ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ya da infaz hukuku gibi meselelere kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretmekten uzakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz 30 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lan \u00e7ok say\u0131da yarg\u0131 reformuna ra\u011fmen geldi\u011fimiz noktada yarg\u0131 sistemi evrensel normlar\u0131n kriterlerini kar\u015f\u0131lamamaktad\u0131r. Bu durumun ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedeni yarg\u0131 reformu belgelerinin; hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131\/tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, yarg\u0131\u00e7 g\u00fcvencesinin ve insan hak\/ \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin eksiksiz olarak g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 perspektifi ile haz\u0131rlanmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Son a\u00e7\u0131klanan \u201cYarg\u0131 Reformu Strateji Belgesi\u201d de benzer bir mant\u0131kla y\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcregelen bu yap\u0131sal sorunlar\u0131 ve yarg\u0131da ya\u015fanan a\u011f\u0131r buhran\u0131 yok saymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6ncekiler gibi bu belge de ge\u00e7mi\u015ften bug\u00fcne yarg\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131sal olarak en sorunlu alanlar\u0131 olan \u201chukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d ile \u201cyarg\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dn\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir tarzda ne \u015fekilde in\u015fa edilece\u011fine dair bir \u00f6nerme, bir eylem plan\u0131 sunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yarg\u0131 kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n yurtta\u015flar\u0131n hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri kamu g\u00f6revlileri taraf\u0131ndan ihlal edildi\u011finde devleti \u00f6nceleyen sorunlu alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da dikkate almamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu tespitimizi destekleyen en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rneklerden biri belgede yer alan; T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u015fkenceye s\u0131f\u0131r tolerans anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n benimsenmi\u015f oldu\u011fu ve bunun sonucu olarak da \u201cart\u0131k i\u015fkence iddias\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ifadesidir. Oysa T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, zaman zaman y\u00f6ntemleri, uygulamadaki yo\u011funlu\u011fu ve yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fse de farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde, farkl\u0131 siyasal muhaliflere y\u00f6nelen i\u015fkence olgusu esasen hi\u00e7bir zaman sonlanmam\u0131\u015f sadece form de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fkence olgusu OHAL d\u00f6nemi ve devam\u0131nda kamuoyuna da yans\u0131yan \u00e7ok say\u0131da ki\u015finin i\u015fkence ve k\u00f6t\u00fc muameleye maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgisi de i\u015fkence g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k olan insanlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinin ulusal televizyonlarda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 da haf\u0131zalar\u0131m\u0131zda tazeli\u011fini korumaktad\u0131r. Dahas\u0131 i\u015fkencenin boyutlanarak s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dair \u00e7ok say\u0131da vaka neredeyse g\u00fcndelik kolluk prati\u011fi olarak insan haklar\u0131 savunucular\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k s\u0131k \u00f6n\u00fcne gelmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Belge, \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc ve kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 demokrasiye ula\u015fma\u201d hedefinden s\u00f6z ederken OHAL d\u00f6neminde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ve kal\u0131c\u0131 hale getirilen KHK\u2019lar ile kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 demokrasinin olmazsa olmaz\u0131 olan derneklerin, televizyon, gazete, dergi gibi bir\u00e7ok medya organ\u0131n\u0131n kapat\u0131larak yay\u0131n hayat\u0131na son verildi\u011finden hi\u00e7 s\u00f6z etmemektedir. Keza toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131n\u0131n kamu otoriteleri taraf\u0131ndan belirli baz\u0131 istisnalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda fiilen ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 da hepimizin bilgisi dahilinde olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n belgede bir sorun alan\u0131 olarak bile yer bulmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu ba\u011flamda bu belgenin, anayasal hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin kamu otoriteleri taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lamaz derecede bask\u0131 alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 ve tahrip edilmesini bir sorun olarak g\u00f6rmedi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Oysa hem ya\u015fam hakk\u0131 ihlallerinden ifade, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme, toplanma, g\u00f6steri yapma, sendikal \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler gibi t\u00fcm anayasal hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engellere hem de yarg\u0131 alan\u0131ndaki sorunlar\u0131 \u00fcreten siyasi, sosyolojik ve ekonomik arka plana bak\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i eylem planlar\u0131 \u00fcretilmesi gerekmektedir. Ancak strateji belgesi haz\u0131rlayanlar\u0131n; herkesin malumu olan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin kullan\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik engellemeleri, mevcut kronik sorunlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lmaktan ve ger\u00e7ekten bir reform stratejisi olu\u015fturmaktan uzak bir yakla\u015f\u0131ma sahip oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu \u015fekilde, ger\u00e7eklerle ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koparm\u0131\u015f bir anlay\u0131\u015fla; anlaml\u0131, uygulanabilir, mevcut sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne katk\u0131 sunabilecek bir reform belgesinin haz\u0131rlanabilmesi imkans\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu y\u00fczden ge\u00e7mi\u015f reform giri\u015fimlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi mevcut reform belgesinin de ak\u0131beti bellidir. Yarg\u0131 sisteminde insan haklar\u0131na ve hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dayal\u0131 bir de\u011fi\u015fim ancak mevcut sorunlara bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda olu\u015facak k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yarg\u0131 Reformu Haz\u0131rlan\u0131rken Cezas\u0131zl\u0131k ve \u0130fade \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Alan\u0131ndaki Sorunlar\u0131n Birbiriyle \u0130lintisi Kurulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cCezas\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d bilindi\u011fi gibi belirli t\u00fcrdeki insan haklar\u0131 ihlallerine ili\u015fkin bir kavramd\u0131r. Baz\u0131 insan haklar\u0131 ihlallerinin gideriminin zorunlu ko\u015fulu, o ihlalin \u00f6ncelikle bir ceza yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na tabi tutulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle \u00f6zellikle a\u011f\u0131r insan haklar\u0131 ihlallerinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hasar\u0131n giderilmesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda sorumlular\u0131n\u0131n tespiti ve su\u00e7la orant\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 insan haklar\u0131 hukukunun devletlere y\u00fckledi\u011fi bir sorumluluktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Devletin ve kamusal yetki kullananlar\u0131n ihlallerdeki sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131n tespiti i\u00e7in yurtta\u015flar\u0131n en geni\u015f anlamda siyasi ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden yararlanmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 da yine devletin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. A\u011f\u0131r insan haklar\u0131 ihlallerine ili\u015fkin ele\u015ftirilerin ve ifade a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131n susturulmas\u0131, bir yandan bu ihlalleri g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, di\u011fer yandan da sorumlular\u0131n tespitini ve cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in cezas\u0131zl\u0131k olgusunu besledi\u011fi kesindir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu nedenle, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin yap\u0131lacak herhangi bir m\u00fcdahale ve d\u00fczenlemenin, T\u00fcrkiye gibi cezas\u0131zl\u0131k sorununun yap\u0131sal oldu\u011fu bir \u00fclkede, cezas\u0131zl\u0131k sorunundan ayr\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Belirtmek gerekir ki bu ili\u015fki iki tarafl\u0131 i\u015flemektedir: \u0130fadenin susturulmas\u0131 cezas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi cezas\u0131zl\u0131k bazen de ifadenin susturulmas\u0131n\u0131n bir arac\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6rne\u011fin; Bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in Akademisyenlerinin a\u011f\u0131r insan haklar\u0131 ihlaline ili\u015fkin bildiriyi imzalad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in ceza soru\u015fturma ve kovu\u015fturmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6znesi haline gelmeleri; dondurucu bir etki yaratarak insan haklar\u0131 ihlallerinin g\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin, tespit edilmesinin, soru\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131n ve cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. \u00d6te yandan Hrant Dink ve Tahir El\u00e7i cinayetlerinin a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi insan haklar\u0131 savunucular\u0131, tam da siyasi ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini kulland\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in hedef haline gelmi\u015f ve bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar cezas\u0131zl\u0131k politikas\u0131n\u0131n sonucu olarak bug\u00fcne dek t\u00fcm boyutlar\u0131yla ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcm bu \u00f6rneklerin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bir ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc politikas\u0131n\u0131n cezas\u0131zl\u0131kla m\u00fccadele d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini merkezine almas\u0131 zorunludur. Cezas\u0131zl\u0131kla m\u00fccadelenin ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir \u015fekilde kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc tekelini kullananlar\u0131n kamuoyunca sorgulanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bunu sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in keyfi, belirsiz, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z ceza h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin mevzuattan ay\u0131klanmas\u0131 gerekir ve bu ay\u0131klama i\u015flemi ceza hukukunun bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak analiz edilmesini zorunlu k\u0131lar. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin reform ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda yap\u0131lan d\u00fczenlemelerin en \u00f6nemli eksi\u011fi bu b\u00fct\u00fcnsel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 makro d\u00fczeyden mikro d\u00fczeye kadar benimsememi\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n En iyi yasalar\u0131n bile k\u00f6t\u00fc uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar elinde olumsuz sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabildi\u011fi \u015f\u00fcphesizdir. Bu nedenle, uygulay\u0131c\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik e\u011fitimlerde de cezas\u0131zl\u0131k ve ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ba\u015fl\u0131klar olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmemeli, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn cezas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nleme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hayati \u00f6nemi dikkate al\u0131narak yarg\u0131 makamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\/g\u00fcvenlik dengesini de\u011ferlendirirken cezas\u0131zl\u0131k sonucu do\u011furmayacak bir yorum\/ anlay\u0131\u015f\/ uygulama prati\u011fi yerle\u015ftirmeleri sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc tekelini kullananlara kar\u015f\u0131 cezas\u0131zl\u0131k z\u0131rh\u0131 olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 kabul edilemez ve bu m\u00fccadelede ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli ara\u00e7lardan biri oldu\u011fu, \u00e7ok istisnai durumlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 olgusu insan haklar\u0131 politikalar\u0131n\u0131n\/e\u011fitimlerin temel ilkelerinden biri olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yarg\u0131 reformunu ancak bu yakla\u015f\u0131m sergilendikten ve yarg\u0131ya egemen k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra konu\u015fmaya ba\u015flayabiliriz. Oysa \u201cYarg\u0131 Reformu Strateji Belgesi\u201d bize o noktaya hala gelemedi\u011fimizi g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bizler cezas\u0131zl\u0131kla m\u00fccadele alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctleri olarak; kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 demokrasinin gere\u011fi olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n hukuk\u00e7u \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinden, sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinden ve uzmanlardan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f al\u0131nmayarak haz\u0131rlanan \u201cYarg\u0131 Reformu Strateji Belgesi\u201dnin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki yarg\u0131 sisteminin ger\u00e7ek sorunlar\u0131na \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretmekten uzak oldu\u011funa dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc kamuoyuyla payla\u015f\u0131yoruz. Yasa yap\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131; insan haklar\u0131n\u0131, hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, yarg\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 temel alan bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla; kamu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc elinde bulundurulanlar\u0131n sorgulanmas\u0131, belirsiz ceza h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi, uygulay\u0131c\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik e\u011fitimler gibi ger\u00e7ek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretmeye davet ediyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n CEZASIZLIKLA M\u00dcCADELEDE G\u00dc\u00c7 B\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130 A\u011eI<\/strong>
<\/strong>\u201cCezas\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d ve \u201c\u0130fade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d birbiriyle son derece ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 iki ihlal alan\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lk bak\u0131\u015fta birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bu iki sorun alan\u0131na yak\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda birinin di\u011ferinin kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve aralar\u0131nda zorunlu bir ilinti oldu\u011fu hemen tespit edilebilir ve bu ba\u011flant\u0131 siyasi ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda \u00e7ok daha net g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Diyarbak\u0131r Barosu; E\u015fit Haklar \u0130\u00e7in \u0130zleme Derne\u011fi<\/strong>; F\u0130SA \u00c7ocuk Haklar\u0131 Merkezi; Hakikat, Adalet ve Haf\u0131za Merkezi<\/strong>, Hak \u0130nisiyatifi Derne\u011fi, \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Derne\u011fi<\/strong>, \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 G\u00fcndemi Derne\u011fi, \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \u0130\u00e7in Hukuk\u00e7ular Derne\u011fi, <\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Vakf\u0131.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n