{"id":6315,"date":"2021-03-30T13:20:04","date_gmt":"2021-03-30T10:20:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.esithaklar.org\/?p=6315"},"modified":"2022-04-21T17:08:16","modified_gmt":"2022-04-21T14:08:16","slug":"ozgurluk-ve-gozetim-sarkacinda-dijital-haklar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.esithaklar.org\/eski\/2021\/03\/30\/ozgurluk-ve-gozetim-sarkacinda-dijital-haklar\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve G\u00f6zetim Sarkac\u0131nda Dijital Haklar"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Yaz\u0131 dizisi # 2: Sezin \u00d6ney<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Koronavir\u00fcs Pandemisi \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde, \u201cdijital haklar\u201d her ne kadar insan haklar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli bile\u015fenlerinden biri olarak g\u00f6sterilse de, bu d\u00f6nemde hayatlar\u0131m\u0131z her zamankinden fazla \u201cdijital hale\u201d geldi.<a href=\"https:\/\/hakikatadalethafiza.org\/\"> Haf\u0131za Merkezi<\/a> ve <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esithaklar.org\/\">E\u015fit Haklar \u0130\u00e7in \u0130zleme Derne\u011fi<\/a>\u2019nin <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhc.nl\/\">Hollanda Helsinki Komitesi<\/a> deste\u011fiyle ortakla\u015fa d\u00fczenledi\u011fi \u201cDaralan Demokratik Alan ve Uluslararas\u0131 Dayan\u0131\u015fma\u201d panel serisinin\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/hakikatadalethafiza.org\/panel-ozgurluk-ve-gozetim-sarkacinda-dijital-haklar\/\">\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve G\u00f6zetim Sarkac\u0131nda Dijital Haklar<\/a>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 ikinci etkinli\u011fi de, tam bu konuya; dijital haklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n hayat\u0131m\u0131zdaki yerine parmak bas\u0131yordu.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-tz5QE4Ud-s\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p>5 Kas\u0131m 2020\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen<a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/bRT9FHNBtbU\"> bu panele<\/a> konuk olan uzmanlar, Pakistanl\u0131 hak savunucusu Nighat Dad ve Ankara Barosu \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Merkezi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Kerem Alt\u0131parmak idi. Dad da Alt\u0131parmak da, gerek kendi \u00fclkelerinde, gerek uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7apta \u00f6zellikle de dijital haklar konusunda uzmanla\u015fan isimler. Her ikisi de hukuk\u00e7u ve zaman i\u00e7inde artan oranda aktivizme y\u00f6nelmi\u015f; sonunda da hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 hak savunuculu\u011funa odaklam\u0131\u015flar.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nighat Dad, 2007\u2019de avukatl\u0131\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Pakistan\u2019da cinsiyet \u00fczerinden ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ne kadar yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funu, muhatap oldu\u011fu davalar ve bizzat kendi hayat\u0131 \u00fczerinden bir kez daha ve derinden fark etmenin kendisini \u00e7ok etkiledi\u011fini belirtiyor. Dad, kendi ayaklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde duran g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kad\u0131n olman\u0131n ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa u\u011framas\u0131na engel olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kendi o\u011flunun velayetini alabilmek i\u00e7in de zorlu bir hukuk m\u00fccadelesi vermek zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131yor. Dad\u2019\u0131n dijital haklara y\u00f6nelmesine neden olansa, \u00fclkesinde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n cep telefonu gibi yayg\u0131n ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na eri\u015fiminin dahi erkek egemen toplum taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 olmu\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kerem Alt\u0131parmak ise, akademik hayattaki bir hukuk\u00e7u olarak ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kariyerinde, sivil toplum faaliyetlerinin giderek daha fazla ilgisini \u00e7ekti\u011fini ve aktivizme bu \u015fekilde y\u00f6neldi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Zamanla teorinin yan\u0131nda pratik, akademik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yan\u0131nda sivil toplum aktivizmine daha \u00e7ok zaman ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015f. 2007\u2019de meslekta\u015f\u0131 Yaman Akdeniz ile beraber \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.resmigazete.gov.tr\/eskiler\/2007\/05\/20070523-1.htm\">5651 Say\u0131l\u0131<\/a> \u0130nternet Ortam\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan Yay\u0131nlar\u0131n D\u00fczenlenmesi ve Bu Yay\u0131nlar Yoluyla \u0130\u015flenen Su\u00e7larla M\u00fccadele Edilmesi Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u201d ile ilgili<a href=\"https:\/\/privacy.cyber-rights.org.tr\/?page_id=255\"> bir rapor<\/a> \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 kendisi i\u00e7in bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131. Alt\u0131parmak, bu kanunun T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in de dijital haklar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve iktidar\u0131n, bu alandaki hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri giderek daha fazla k\u0131s\u0131tlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hikayelerini dinleyince Dad ve Alt\u0131parmak\u2019\u0131n, ayr\u0131 co\u011frafyalardan ancak \u00f6zellikle dijital haklar alan\u0131na y\u00f6nelmelerindeki kayg\u0131lar\u0131 ve ilgileri birbirlerine \u00e7ok benzeyen iki aktivist oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bunun ard\u0131nda da, asl\u0131nda Pakistan ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de dijital haklar alan\u0131nda ya\u015fananlar\u0131n birbirine son derece paralel seyretmesi yat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pakistan ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 benzerli\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/esithaklar.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/img_6062fbb05c776.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"338\" height=\"218\"\/><figcaption><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#222222;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"> Foto\u011fraf:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/@nilotpalkalita?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText\" style=\"text-decoration:none;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#222222;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"> <\/span><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#1155cc;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:none;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Nilotpal Kalita,<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#222222;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/-2hUn7kCz1s?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText\" style=\"text-decoration:none;\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#1155cc;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-skip:none;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\">Unsplash<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:#222222;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;\"><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Alt\u0131parmak\u2019\u0131n i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de internete y\u00f6nelik m\u00fcdahale; di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, dijital haklar\u0131n ku\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve alan\u0131n daralt\u0131lmas\u0131 2007\u2019de g\u00fcndeme gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Dad, dijital haklara y\u00f6nelik sans\u00fcr\u00fc Pakistan\u2019da da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019dekine benzer bir tarihte g\u00fcndeme geldi\u011fini ve ilk olarak, 2006\u2019da blogspot.com\u2019un yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. O zamanlar internet kullan\u0131m\u0131 Pakistan\u2019da yeni ve ancak daha avantajl\u0131 kesimlerin eri\u015fimi olan bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131km\u0131\u015f. Bu yasak da, \u201ce\u011fitimli-yabanc\u0131 dil bilen, toplumun daha \u2018ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131\u2019 kesimi\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00e7evrelerde bir aktivizm ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f. Dad, \u201cblog yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u201d ard\u0131ndan, \u201cinternet \u00fczerinden i\u015flenen su\u00e7lara\u201d y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen hukuki d\u00fczenlemelerin birbiri ard\u0131na g\u00fcndeme getirilerek yasala\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekiyor.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>K\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n internet \u00fczerinden i\u015flenen su\u00e7lara y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011funun \u00f6zellikle alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmek gerek: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de, Pakistan\u2019da da, dijital haklar\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle bu iddia ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor.&nbsp; K\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n getirildi\u011fi o ilk zamanlardan bug\u00fcne kullan\u0131lan \u201cbahanelerin\u201d s\u00fcrekli artmas\u0131 ve dijital haklar alan\u0131n\u0131n da, bu bahanelerle ters orant\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrekli daralmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a dikkat \u00e7ekici. Dad\u2019\u0131n vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Pakistan\u2019\u0131nda dijital haklara y\u00f6nelik k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar, \u201culusal g\u00fcvenlik\u201d, \u201cdine hakaret\u201d gibi bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 mazeret ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriliyor; ki bu da asl\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de giderek artan oranda ya\u015fanan bir durum.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dad\u2019\u0131n Pakistan d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda G\u00fcney Asya b\u00f6lgesi genelinden verdi\u011fi \u00f6rne\u011fe g\u00f6re, Banglade\u015f\u2019te 2018\u2019de yasala\u015fan \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cirt.gov.bd\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Digital-Security-Act-2018-English-version.pdf\">Dijital G\u00fcvenlik Yasas\u0131<\/a>\u201d da \u201cvatanda\u015flar\u0131 korumak ve haklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak\u201d gerek\u00e7esiyle y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sokulmu\u015f. Ancak, ger\u00e7ek hayatta bu yasa, sadece haklar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Yani Dad\u2019a g\u00f6re, asl\u0131nda dijital alanda k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar getirilmesi k\u00fcresel bir ak\u0131m ve bu k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar h\u00fck\u00fcmetler taraf\u0131ndan \u015fu veya bu konuda \u201ckoruyucu rol \u00fcstlenmek\u201d iddias\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131yor.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alt\u0131parmak\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ili\u015fkin sundu\u011fu tablo da asl\u0131nda Pakistan\u2019dakine olduk\u00e7a benziyor. 2007 senesi, internetin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki iktidar taraf\u0131ndan \u201csorunla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131. Alt\u0131parmak\u2019\u0131n aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, 2007\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 5651 say\u0131l\u0131 yasan\u0131n kapsam\u0131, zaman i\u00e7inde giderek geni\u015fledi. 2014 ve 2016, son olarak da Temmuz 2020\u2019de eklenen maddeler ve getirilen hukuki di\u011fer d\u00fczenlemelerle, dijital haklar alan\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve daralt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye ve Pakistan aras\u0131ndaki bir benzerlik de, sosyal medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar tehdidiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olmalar\u0131. Her iki \u00fclkede de, Twitter, Facebook gibi sosyal medya platformlar\u0131 e\u011fer h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerle uyumlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmazlarsa, katlanarak artan oranda maddi cezalar ve ard\u0131ndan da \u201cyasaklanma\u201d tehlikesi ile burun buruna. H\u00fck\u00fcmetlerle uyumlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak da kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n bireysel verilerinin payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyor ki bu da dijital haklar\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fka bir y\u00f6ntemi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alt\u0131parmak\u2019a g\u00f6re, 4 Kas\u0131m 2020\u2019de sosyal medya platformlar\u0131na kesilen<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/tr\/sosyal-medya-%C5%9Firketlerine-10-milyon-tl-ceza\/a-55495474\"> 10 milyon TL\u2019lik cezan\u0131n<\/a> i\u015faret etti\u011fi \u015fu: Bundan sonra, Twitter, Facebook gibi kurulu\u015flara y\u00f6nelik b\u00f6yle yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar rutine binebilir. B\u00f6yle cezalar s\u00fcreklile\u015fti\u011finde ise sosyal medya platformlar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi terk etmek durumunda kalabilir. Yine Pakistan\u2019da da sosyal medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n verilerini resm\u00ee makamlarla payla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015fan benzer yasal d\u00fczenlemeler mevcut. Dahas\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi, \u201cyerel \u00e7apta\u201d bir temsilci atamalar\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerle i\u015fbirli\u011fine gitmeleri konusunda da benzer bir bask\u0131 var. Her iki \u00fclkede de bu tip cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, Facebook gibi sosyal medya uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131na neden olmas\u0131 ihtimal d\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dad&nbsp; Pakistan\u2019da \u00c7in merkezli sosyal medya uygulamas\u0131 TikTok\u2019un Ekim 2020\u2019de 11 g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne yasaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rnek veriyor. Pakistan\u2019\u0131n TikTok yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olan\u0131n \u201culuslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler\u201d olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise tart\u0131\u015fma konusu. Pakistan-\u00c7in ili\u015fkileri, bilindi\u011fi gibi son derece s\u0131k\u0131 ve hatta iki \u00fclke birbirlerini \u201ckarde\u015f \u00fclke\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131yor. TikTok\u2019un Pakistan\u2019da \u201cm\u00fcstehcenlik\u201d gerek\u00e7esi ile yasaklanmas\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan da, yasa\u011f\u0131n geldi\u011fi gibi \u201copak\u201d bi\u00e7imde kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na \u201culuslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin\u201d perde arkas\u0131ndaki etkisi neden olmu\u015f olabilir.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alt\u0131parmak\u2019a g\u00f6re, sosyal medyan\u0131n ku\u015fat\u0131lmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131nda, geleneksel medyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 ve haber kaynaklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan do\u011fan bo\u015flu\u011fu sosyal medyan\u0131n doldurmas\u0131 yat\u0131yor. Alt\u0131parmak\u2019\u0131n dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fi \u00f6nemli bir nokta var: K\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n teknik y\u00f6ntemlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm de\u011fil; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc, internet kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn bu tarz sofistike y\u00f6ntemlere eri\u015fiminin olmas\u0131 imkan d\u0131\u015f\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, yasaklar\u0131n arkas\u0131ndan ne kadar dola\u015f\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rsa \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ls\u0131n,&nbsp; baz\u0131 kesimlerin dijital platformlara eri\u015fimi tamamen engellenmi\u015f oluyor.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cinsiyet, cinsel kimlik ve dijital haklar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nighat Dad\u2019\u0131n kurucusu ve y\u00f6neticisi oldu\u011fu \u201cDijital Haklar Vakf\u0131\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/digitalrightsfoundation.pk\/\">Digital Rights Foundation<\/a>), cinsiyeti, cinsel kimli\u011fi nedeniyle herhangi bir \u015fekilde online \u015fiddet ya da tacize u\u011frayanlara yard\u0131m etmek i\u00e7in bir<a href=\"https:\/\/digitalrightsfoundation.pk\/cyber-harassment-helpline\/\"> yard\u0131m hatt\u0131<\/a> kurmu\u015f. Bu hat, Pakistan\u2019da cinsiyet \u00fczerinden ya\u015fanan ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 koruma ama\u00e7l\u0131 hizmet veriyor. Ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k ve taciz-tehdit gibi \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren durumlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan ma\u011fdurlar, hatt\u0131 arayarak haklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmaktan psikolojik destek almaya kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli konularda yard\u0131m alabiliyorlar. Bu hat \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/hamarainternet.org\/\">Hamara Internet\u201d<\/a> adl\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle kad\u0131nlar\u0131n internetteki haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumaya y\u00f6nelik projenin de bir par\u00e7as\u0131.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/esithaklar.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/img_6062fbb63fa41.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"-472\" height=\"-214\"\/><figcaption>Siber Taciz Destek Hatt\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Dad, Pakistan\u2019da kad\u0131nlara, \u201cdijital ortamda g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini yayma\u201d tehdidinin s\u0131kl\u0131kla yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu nedenle intihar\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine gelen kad\u0131nlar oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Dad\u2019\u0131n aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, kimi zaman \u201ckahkaha atan\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler veya sadece dijital g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bile, Pakistan\u2019daki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 tehdit eden boyutta \u201ctehlike\u201d olu\u015fturabiliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alt\u0131parmak ise, Pakistan\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de internet ortam\u0131n\u0131n ve dijital platformlar\u0131n, cinsel kimlik ve cinsiyet nedeniyle ya\u015fanan ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131 gibi durumlara kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurguluyor. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, Alt\u0131parmak\u2019\u0131n dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fi ba\u015fka bir husus da var: S\u00f6z konusu kimli\u011fin sahibinin siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri, iktidara yak\u0131n olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kimli\u011fi nedeniyle sorun ya\u015fay\u0131p ya\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen bir etken. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, Alt\u0131parmak\u2019a g\u00f6re, iktidara yak\u0131n veya iktidar\u0131 destekleyen ki\u015filer, kimlikleri nedeniyle ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa u\u011fram\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Koronavir\u00fcs d\u00f6neminde dijital haklar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ba\u015fta da dikkat \u00e7ekti\u011fimiz gibi, Koronavir\u00fcs Pandemisi, \u00e7o\u011fumuzu interneti daha yo\u011fun kullan\u0131r hale getirdi. Peki, bu durum dijital haklar alan\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l etkiliyor?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dijital haklar alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan aktivistler, zaten interneti yo\u011fun olarak kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve bu yo\u011funlu\u011fun \u015fimdi daha da artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade ediyor. Her zamankinden de fazla internet \u00fczerinden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, dijital haklar aktivistleri i\u00e7in, \u201cyorgunluklar\u0131na yorgunluk katan\u201d bir durum. \u00d6te yandan, barda\u011f\u0131n dolu taraf\u0131ndan bakarsak; Nighat Dad, dijital haklar konusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir kurum olarak vak\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n, Koronavir\u00fcs Pandemisi d\u00f6neminde interneti daha fazla kullanmak durumunda kalan di\u011fer sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131na bilgi aktararak destek oldu\u011funu; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndaki ba\u015fl\u0131ca de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin bu y\u00f6nde oldu\u011funu belirtiyor.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Koronavir\u00fcs Pandemisi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 tedbirler bahane edilerek h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin dijital haklar\u0131 daha da k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131 ise, bu alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan aktivistler i\u00e7in bir endi\u015fe kayna\u011f\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin Dad, Koronavir\u00fcs\u2019e y\u00f6nelik uygulamalar\u0131n ki\u015fisel verileri toplamada kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan kayg\u0131 duydu\u011funu; Alt\u0131parmak ise, internet \u00fczerinden e\u011fitimin e\u015fitsizli\u011fi artt\u0131rmas\u0131 gibi etkileri oldu\u011funu ifade ediyor.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pandeminin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli problemlerden biri ise art\u0131k daha zor hale gelen \u201csosyalle\u015fme\u201d. Bu ba\u011flamda dijital haklar\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131n\u0131n etkilerini ise baz\u0131 gruplar daha yo\u011fun ya\u015f\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin LGBT\u0130+\u2019lere y\u00f6nelik dijital uygulamalara eri\u015fim Koronavir\u00fcs Pandemisi d\u00f6neminde daha da artt\u0131.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dad ve Alt\u0131parmak, Pakistan\u2019da da, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de, LGBT\u0130+lar\u0131n dijital platformlar\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n giderek artt\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. Yine benzer bi\u00e7imde, her iki \u00fclkede de LGBT\u0130+ kimli\u011fi \u201cahlaki yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131n\u201d hedefi oluyor; toplumdan d\u0131\u015flanmalar\u0131na, dijital haklar\u0131yla beraber kendilerinin de ku\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. Her iki \u00fclkenin de en yak\u0131c\u0131 kimlik ve hak meselelerinden biri, LGBT\u0130+ kimli\u011fine y\u00f6nelik olan ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k ve \u015fiddet diyebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0130nterneti s\u0131n\u0131rlamak bir hak koruma y\u00f6ntemi mi?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Panelin kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri, akt\u00f6r Sacha Cohen\u2019nin \u201c\u0130nternette, ba\u011fnazlara ve pedofillere g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini y\u00fcceltecekleri bir platformun verilmemesi gerekti\u011fi\u201d konusundaki s\u00f6zlerini tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ften hareketle, baz\u0131 durumlarda internetin k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. \u0130lk bak\u0131\u015fta Cohen\u2019in arg\u00fcman\u0131 mant\u0131kl\u0131 gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckse de, dijital alandaki k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n nereye gidebilece\u011fini en iyi \u00f6ng\u00f6renler bu alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan aktivistler. \u00d6rne\u011fin Dad\u2019a g\u00f6re, bu tarz g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler dijital haklar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek amac\u0131yla ara\u00e7salla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Dad, bu nedenle, internete y\u00f6nelik k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n, uluslararas\u0131 normlar ve d\u00fczenlemeler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde; sans\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de\u011fil ger\u00e7ekten korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7layarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fini savunuyor. Alt\u0131parmak da, sadece \u015fiddete a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 veya te\u015fvik oldu\u011funda ya da ifadenin hakikaten zararl\u0131 etkileri \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebiliyorsa dijital haklara y\u00f6nelik k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Cohen\u2019in dile getirdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, asl\u0131nda devletlerin dijital alan\u0131 daralt\u0131rken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 arg\u00fcmanlardan \u00e7ok da farkl\u0131 de\u011fil; hatta tam da ayn\u0131 kap\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir ba\u015fka kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131, Pakistan\u2019\u0131n \u015fu anki iktidar partisi<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf\"> \u201cPakistan Adalet Hareketi\u201dnin<\/a> (Pakistan Tehreek-e-\u0130nsaf-PT\u0130), se\u00e7imle i\u015fba\u015f\u0131 yapmadan \u00f6nce, \u201cdemokrat\u201d bir izlenim verdi\u011fi halde, neden dijital haklar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlama yoluna gitti\u011fi ve bu k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6nelimlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirip de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyeceklerini sorguluyordu.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dad, PT\u0130\u2019y\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman ilerici ve haklar alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fleten bir \u00e7izgide g\u00f6rmedi\u011fini; yine de k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 tav\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n boyutuna da \u015fa\u015f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti. Dad, \u00f6zellikle gen\u00e7lerin bu tarz politikalara olumsuz yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; Pakistan\u2019da siyasi hareketlerin iktidara gelene kadar haklar alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde mesaj verdi\u011fini ama bu s\u00f6zlerini iktidara geldikten sonra tutmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Asl\u0131nda, bu soru sadece Pakistan\u2019\u0131 ve PT\u0130\u2019yi ilgilendiren bir mesele de\u011fil. Pakistan ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi benze\u015ftiren temel unsur da, iktidarlar\u0131n siyasi duru\u015f ve ideolojilerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, dijital alan\u0131 kendilerine tehdit olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcp k\u0131s\u0131tlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dijital haklar\u0131 daha \u00e7ok konu\u015faca\u011f\u0131z<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Koronavir\u00fcs Pandemisi, dijital alanda var olmaya, hayat\u0131 dijital platformda ya\u015famaya daha \u201cmecbur\u201d oldu\u011fumuz; tercihlerimizin bu y\u00f6nde \u015fekillendi\u011fi d\u00f6nemlerin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olabilir. Bir yandan Koronavir\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn etkisi gelecek y\u0131llarda da s\u00fcrece\u011finden; \u00f6te yandan ba\u015fka pandemiler de s\u00f6z konusu olabilece\u011finden ve tabii k\u00fcresel iklim krizi gibi d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiren ger\u00e7eklerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc dijital ileti\u015fime ve dijital var olu\u015f bi\u00e7imlerine her zamankinden de \u00e7ok ihtiya\u00e7 duyaca\u011fa benziyoruz. \u00dcstelik bu durum t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ms\u0131z bi\u00e7imde ge\u00e7erli. T\u00fcm bu sebeplerle, dijital haklar hepimiz i\u00e7in daha da \u00f6nemli hale gelecek. \u00d6nemi artt\u0131k\u00e7a da, iktidarlar\u0131n daha fazla ku\u015fatmaya ve daraltmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015facaklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rece\u011fiz. \u0130\u015fte, bu y\u00fczden \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki d\u00f6nemlerde dijital haklar\u0131; \u00f6zellikle de haklar ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin \u201cdaralan alanlar\u0131\u201d olarak daha \u00e7ok konu\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dizinin di\u011fer panelleri:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"#1 - \u201cDaralan Alanlarda\u201d Pop\u00fclizme Meydan Okumak\">#1 &#8211; \u201cDaralan Alanlarda\u201d Pop\u00fclizme Meydan Okumak<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esithaklar.org\/2021\/04\/lgbti-aktivizminde-daralan-alanlar\/\"><strong>#3 &#8211; LGBT\u0130+ Aktivizminde Daralan Alanlar<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yaz\u0131 dizisi # 2: Sezin \u00d6ney Koronavir\u00fcs Pandemisi \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde, \u201cdijital haklar\u201d her ne kadar insan haklar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli bile\u015fenlerinden biri olarak g\u00f6sterilse de, bu d\u00f6nemde hayatlar\u0131m\u0131z her zamankinden fazla \u201cdijital hale\u201d geldi. Haf\u0131za Merkezi ve E\u015fit Haklar \u0130\u00e7in \u0130zleme Derne\u011fi\u2019nin Hollanda Helsinki Komitesi deste\u011fiyle ortakla\u015fa d\u00fczenledi\u011fi \u201cDaralan Demokratik Alan [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6316,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[265,22,39],"tags":[310,311,312,313],"class_list":["post-6315","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-daralan-sivil-alan-ve-uluslararasi-dayanisma","category-duyurular","category-genel","tag-dijital-haklar","tag-kerem-altiparmak","tag-nighat-dad","tag-pakistan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.esithaklar.org\/eski\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6315","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.esithaklar.org\/eski\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.esithaklar.org\/eski\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.esithaklar.org\/eski\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.esithaklar.org\/eski\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6315"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.esithaklar.org\/eski\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6315\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6436,"href":"https:\/\/www.esithaklar.org\/eski\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6315\/revisions\/6436"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.esithaklar.org\/eski\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6316"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.esithaklar.org\/eski\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6315"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.esithaklar.org\/eski\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6315"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.esithaklar.org\/eski\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6315"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}